CARIBBEAN ROCK ART - PUERTO RICO:

Cave with wall markings (inset).

Mona Island, Puerto Rico.

www.livescience.com.

Writing for LiveScience on July 20, 2016, Megan Gannon introduced the petroglyphs of Mona  Island, Puerto Rico. Citing an article in the July 19, 2016 journal Antiquity, she presented both prehistoric and Spanish settler images. This considerably expands the knowledge of rock art in the Caribbean.

Cave markings. Mona

Island, Puerto Rico.

www.livescience.com.

This collection of rock art is found in caves on Mona Island, and many of the markings were made by dragging fingers or a tool through a soft surface layer on the limestone walls of the caves. Researchers reportedly found markings in thirty of seventy caves they explored, and date the oldest back to 500 years B.P.

Historic cave inscription.

Mona Island, Puerto Rico.

www.livescience.com.

In one cave they found a mix of prehistoric and historic imagery. "Alongside the indigenous artwork there are names, dates, and Christian symbols like crosses and Christograms (a symbol of Christ usually consisting of letters) from the 16th century. There are also some Christian phrases and Bible verses, in Spanish and Latin, such as "dios te perdone" (may God forgive you") and "verbum caro factum est" ("and the Word was made flesh")." (Gannon 2016)

Christograms on cave wall.

Mona Island, Puerto Rico.

www.livescience.com.

"In one case, a name scribbled graffiti-style on a cave wall could be tied to a real person. Francisco Alegre, who came to the Caribbean from Spain with his father in the 1530s and became a royal official in Puerto Rico." (Gannon 2016)

So much more rock art is there to be discovered, if only we look.

REFERENCE:                       

Gannon, Megan,

2016      http://www.livescience.com/55467-pre-columbian-cave-art-discovered.html

NEW HAWAIIAN PETROGLYPHS DISCOVERED BY TEXAS TOURISTS:

Waianae Coast, Oahu, Hawaii.

Photograph from LiveScience.

In an August 10, 2016, story on LiveScience, contributing writer Stephanie Pappas reported on the discovery of petroglyphs on the beach at Oahu's Waianae Coast on the western side of the island.

Newly discovered petroglyphs on

the Waianae Coast, Oahu, Hawaii.

Photograph from LiveScience.

A layer of horizontal sandstone rock on the beach is normally covered by sands which can be shifted and moved by wave action. Two tourists from Texas were there at just the right time to see exposed engraving in the rock layer. At the time of Pappas' writing seventeen carvings have been found along the shoreline. Most of the images are human figures with one measuring 1.5 meters (almost 5 feet) tell.

Newly discovered petroglyphs on

the Waianae Coast, Oahu, Hawaii.

Photograph from LiveScience.

Finding petroglyphs right on the shoreline is rare, but some locals report that they have seen them before. They had not, however, been previously reported or recorded.

Newly discovered petroglyphs on

the Waianae Coast, Oahu, Hawaii.

Photograph from LiveScience.

"The plan for the preservation of the petroglyphs is still in its infancy, a Department of Land and Natural Resources spokesman told Live Science. The agency's State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) will work with the Army  to develop a plan. The petroglyphs are extremely fragile, and even brushing sand away from them can damage them, archaeologists said. They are an important part of Hawaii’s culture and while sands have covered them again, in time they will reappear and we want to make sure people know that they are fragile and culturally sensitive and should only be viewed; not touched," Alan Downer, SHPD administrator, said in a statement." (Pappas/LiveScience)

Newly discovered petroglyphs on

the Waianae Coast, Oahu, Hawaii.

Photograph from LiveScience.

If the Hawaiian SHPD stated that "even brushing sand away from them can damage them", one has to ask what the tide washing sand back and forth over them daily is doing, or do they believe that the water provides a cushion protecting them from sand erosion?

In any case the Waianae Coast petroglyphs provide an interesting and valuable new addition to knowledge of Hawaiian rock art.

REFERENCES:

http://livescience.com

THE OLDEST ART IN AMERICA - CLOVIS ART? - THE GAULT, TEXAS ENGRAVINGS REVISITED:

Engraved limestone cobble, Clovis,

ca. 13,000 years old. From Tamara

Stewart, Paleo-Indian Art Identified

At Central Texas Site, p. 10, American

Archaeology, Summer, 2016,

Volume 20, Number 2.

On June 25, 2011, I posted a column titled "The Oldest Art In America - Clovis Art? - The Gault, Texas, Engravings". That column was a report on a 2010 publication by D. Clark Wernecke and Michael B. Collins,  “Patterns and Process: Some Thoughts on the Incised Stones from the Gault Site, Central Texas, United States”, and was illustrated with a line drawing I had done from a photogaph by Michael B. Collins, co-author of the original IFRAO Congress, September 2010 – Symposium: Pleistocene art of the Americas story that I was reporting on. Now another report on incised limestone cobbles from the Gault site in Texas has enlarged the subject considerably.

Writing in the summer 2016 issue of American Archaeology, Vol. 20, No. 2, p. 10, author Tamara Stewart's column Paleo-Indian Art Identified At Central Texas Site, presented Wernecke and Collins' recent findings from the Gault site. They now have "numerous small, weathered limestone cobbles with elaborate engravings, nine of which are clearly associated with Clovis technology dating to about 13,000 years ago." (Stewart 2016:10)

Nine purposefully incised limestone cobbles "clearly associated with Clovis technology dating to about 13,000 years ago". This gives us 13,000-year-old rock art in North America, and another strong candidate for the oldest rock art in North America.

Engraved stone, Clovis, Gault, TX.

Drawing by Peter Faris (2011)after a

photograph by Michael Collins.

Note: I reported on the previous hard date for the oldest rock art in North America on Jan. 25, 2014, in "Pyramid Lake Petroglyphs May Be Oldest In North America", on http://rockartblog.blogspot.com .

REFERENCES:

Faris, Peter

2011    The Oldest Art In America - Clovis Art? - The Gault, Texas, Engravings, http://rockartblog.blogspot.com, June 25, 2011.

2014     Pyramid Lake Petroglyphs May Be Oldest In North America, http://rockartblog.blogspot.com, January 25, 2014.

Stewart, Tamara

2016    Paleo-Indian Art Identified At Central Texas Site, p. 10, American Archaeology, Summer, 2016, Volume 20, Number 2.

Wernecke, D. Clark, and Michael B. Collins,
2010     “Patterns and Process: Some Thoughts on the Incised Stones from the Gault Site, Central Texas, United States”, IFRAO Congress, September 2010 – Symposium: Pleistocene art of the Americas.

THE MOST VANDALIZED ROCK ART SITE:

De Beque Canyon, Mesa County, CO.

Photograph Peter Faris, Aug. 1981.

I return to the subject of vandalism of rock art sites; the shameful practice of adding initials, words, names, dates, or anything else to the rock art that is there, or altering, removing, or otherwise defacing it. Recently, while reflecting on vandalism, I found myself wondering about the most vandalized/defaced rock art site.

DeBeque Canyon rock art site, Mesa County,

CO. Photograph Paul and Joy Foster.

The question of the most vandalized/defaced rock art site I can remember seeing is easy - it is found in DeBeque Canyon, along the Colorado River in Mesa county, Colorado.

"In the spring of 1884, Dr. W.A.E. DeBeque and three close companions explored the hills  surrounding what is now the Town of DeBeque. They were searching for a suitable place to form a ranch. Others followed them quickly, and by 1890 there were 31 ranches in the area." (www.debeque.org/history)

The town continued to exist as a ranching center and an annual market for wild horses rounded up on the adjacent Roan Plateau. As you can see from the illustrations a major local entertainment seems to have been vandalizing this panel of Uncompahgre Style rock art. If you take the time to look at it closely you can make out the beautifully detailed quadrupeds they left.

So, this is my candidate for the most vandalized/defaced rock art site, what is yours? Send it to rockartblogmail@yahoo.com.

REFERENCE:

http://www.debeque.org/history.htm

A PETROGLYPH OF A SKIER HAS BEEN VANDALIZED IN NORWAY:

The Ancient Skier carving before it

was damaged. (Nordland County)

At this time of the Olympic games in Rio de Janeiro we have a story on vandalized rock art with an Olympic connection. On 4 August, 2016, Smithsonian.com ran a column by Danny Lewis about the vandalism of a petroglyph of a figure on skis on the Norwegian island of Tro. This image, dated 5,000 B.P. is famous as the earliest portrayal of what we now classify as a winter sport, and inspired the symbol for the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway.

""It's a tragedy, because it's one of the most famous Norwegian historical sites," Bård Anders Langø, the mayor of the nearby Alstahaug Municipality - "It is one of the most internationally known symbols of Norway."" (Lewis 2016)

""As the oldest-known image of a person on skis, the stone age symbol is often seen as an iconic part of Norwegian culture. In addition to an important glimpse into the lives of ancient humans, the carving inspired the logo for the 1994 Norway Winter Olympics in Lillehammer."" (Lewis 2016)

The Ancient Skier carving after

damage. (Nordland County)

Two boys, visiting the site, decided to touch it up to make the lines more visible. They also decided to improve a nearby petroglyph of a whale.

" The news of the damage - broke when a person staying in the area informed Tor-Kristian Storvik, the official archaeologist for Nordland County, that the petroglyph had been damaged. - Storvik investigated and found that in addition to the damage done to the famous carving, a nearby etched whale had also been harmed. The boys have come forward and publicly apologized for the incident. Officials are keeping their identities secret to protect the minors from potential abuse." (Lewis 2016)

Apparently Norwegian officials are considerably more lenient in cases of vandalized rock art than our current social sentiment demands. Cases of such vandalism in our country nowadays usually end up in trials and fines if the perpetrators are discovered. While I applaud such generosity and sympathetic treatment, I also see this as a teaching opportunity missed. In this case only two individuals have learned a lesson from this vandalism, not the whole society. We must find ways to get the word out and promote an understanding throughout the whole society that rock art is irreplaceable and must not be altered, defaced, or damaged.

You can read the whole story at  www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news.

REFERENCE:

Lewis, Danny, 2016      http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/norwegian-youth-destroys-one-earliest-images-skiing-trying-improve-it-180960013/#D4h6TAsqWid36uLV.99

HIGHEST ALTITUDE ROCK ART REVISITED - YET AGAIN:

Fig. 28.11, Sunburst with nine points,

Sinmo Khadang, Tibet. Photograph

from John Vincent Bellezza. 

In our quest to locate the rock art at the highest elevation, Peter Jessen has again come through with another candidate, this time from Tibet. Pictographs at the site of Sinmo Khadang were found at 4,720 to 4,740 meters which is about 15,576 to 15,642 feet above sea level (that is high altitude in anybody's book).

Fig. 28.2. Interior of Sinmo

Khadang, Tibet. Photograph

from John Vincent Bellezza.

Jessen forwarded to me an article by John Vincent Bellezza from 2015 (please see references below) detailing a number of rock art sites in Tibet, and conveniently each site listed has its elevation above sea level given. The highest elevation listed for a site in this article is that of Sinmo Khadang (4,720 to 4,740 meters/15,576 to 15,624 feet above sea level).

Fig. 28.1. View from the south mouth

of Sinmo Khadang overlooking the

Spiti River valley, Tibet. Photograph

from John Vincent Bellezza. 

The rock art sites of Spiti.

Map by Brian Sebastian and

John Vincent Bellezza.

Sinmo Khadang is an 80 meter long large cave, situated just below a summit dividing the main Spiti river valley from the tributary valley of Kibbar. The name Sinmo Khadang translates as "Gaping Mouth of the Cannibalistic Fiend." Spiti is located in the Western fringe of the Tibetan Plateau (see the map above).(Bellezza 2015)

Fig. 28.8. Swastika, crescent moon,

and bell-shaped form. The swastika

and moon are one composition, the

bell-shaped form was painted

separately. Photograph from

                     John Vincent Bellezza.

Fig. 28.12. Swastika and anthropomorphs.

Sinmo Khadang, Tibet. Photograph from

John Vincent Bellezza.

"The repertoire of rock art at Sinmo Khadang is comparable with the other pictographic sites of Spiti. In addition to trees, suns, moons, swastikas and anthropomorphs, there are two paintings of ibexes and a raptor pictograph in the cave. The pictographs of Sinmo Khadang were made by many different people. They primarily date to the Protohistoric period but some may possibly have been made subsequently in the Early Historic period. There is also a more recent red ochre pictograph consisting of a clockwise swastika with four dots painted inside its arms, as well as an obscured inscription in the Uchen script." (Bellezza 2015)

Fig. 28.14. Tree and swastika on

east wall of Sinmo Khadang, Tibet.

Photograph from John Vincent Bellezza.

Uchen is an upright, block style of the Tibetan alphabet. The name means "with a head" and it is the style of writing used for printing and formal manuscripts. Uchen is used to write both the Tibetan language and Dzongkha, the official language of Bhutan. (Wikipedia)

Fig. 28.10. West wall of Sinmo Khadang,

Tibet. A large sunburst in middle, above

it a pair of anthropomorphs flanked by

swastikas forming a single composition.

Photograph from John Vincent Bellezza.

It is hard to imagine any rock art at sites higher than this, but people certainly at higher elevations in Tibet, and it is likely that there may still be rock art sites that have not been recorded. It is going to be hard to beat 15,642 feet but let's all keep looking, and let me know of your candidate for Highest Elevation Rock Art.

NOTE: For further information about rock art of Tibet please refer to Tibet Archaeology and All Things Tibetan, www.tibetarchaeology.com (see below).

REFERENCE:

Bellezza, John Vincent

2015   Flight of the Khyung (Part 3), in Tibet Archaeology and All Things Tibetan, www.tibetarchaeology.com/november-2015/

Wikipedia

CHRISTOGRAMS:

Symbols consisting of variations on

the cross, Mesa Prieta, New Mexico.

Photograph Peter Faris.

In the portions of the New World that were settled by the Spanish a symbol commonly found in historic rock art is the Christogram. "A Christogram (from Greek Khristos, Christ + -gramma, letter or piece of writing is a monogram or combination of letters that forms an abbreviation for the name of Jesus Christ, traditionally used as a Christian symbol. Different types of Chrostograms are associated with the various traditions of Christianity, e.g. the IHS (also JHS, IHC, or IHΣ) monogram representing the Holy Name of Jesus or ICXC representing "Jesus Christ". Since early Christianit, the related term Chrismon (from Greek Khristos, Christ + -mon, one or single, from Late Latin monogramma, monogram) has traditionally referred to any symbol or figure reminiscent of the name of Christ, by contrast with the basic Christogram consisting of plain letters typically implying the presence of some kind of calligraphic ornamentation." (Wikipedia)

 

Chi-Rho Christogram,

public domain.

"One of the oldest Christograms is the Chi-Rho or Labarum. It consists of the superimposed Greek letters chi (X) and rhoh (P), which are the first two letters of Christ in Greek." (Wikipedia)

The most commonly encountered Christogram in English-speaking countries in modern times is the letter X (or more accurately, the Greek letter chi), representing the first letter of the word Christ, in such abbreviations as Xmas (for "Christmas) and Xian or Xtian (for "Christian")." (Wikipedia)

Monogram for the name of Jesus based

on the Cross, Public Domain.

Many of the known Christograms include representations of the Cross, symbolizing the crucifix and the crucifixion of Christ. This leads to the distinct possibility that elaborated crosses found in historic rock art of the American southwest were intended as Christograms. Even if the person who produced the image did not know the concept of Christograms their intention to produce a reference to the church of Jesus Christ allows us to classify these as probable Christograms.

Purgatoire Canyon, Bent County, CO.

Photograph Peter Faris, June 1991.

A concentration of these symbols is found in the northern New Mexico, southern Colorado area historically inhabited by the Penitente Brotherhood, and are assumed to have probably been their creations. Others can perhaps  be credited to sheepherders or Hispanic cowboys. In some instances they demonstrably mark a shrine, while in other instances they are just found on a rock surface with no other cultural remains to be seen. In any case they represent a message of someone's strong devotion to their Christian religion and should be viewed with the respect due a sacred symbol.

REFERENCES:

Blaine, Dean

2015    Mysteries of the Brotherhood, Archaeology, May/June 2015, Vol. 68, No. 3, p. 42-7.

Faris, Peter

2015     Penitente Rock Art, http://rockartblog.blogspot.com

Wikipedia